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MAN THAT LOOKS: The Return of the documentary genre TO REBUILD THE IDEA OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY

Cinema is dead, there 'any more. Buried by tons of advertising, swallowed up by the so called entertainment industry, has now released the field by his presence.
What was, was replaced by the production on a global scale of the phenomenon we might call "creation and continuous recurrence of AD and widespread mass"
memory without forgetting is but pathological obsession, forgetfulness alone is the negation of every memory, every concept of time as possible, the overcoming of all forms of resistance and critical articles to a stimulus before, ol'inutilità ignorance 'of any code of interpretation. When
then and it is our case, the onset of oblivion is serial, which can not be a goal.
Nine times out of ten films c'ingoia for us to attend and images that have deliberately built the mechanism of self: we see has already begun to remove and forget: we go out and already we are ready to swallow another film, bulimic of nothing.
weapons available, many are deliberately used (banality, repetition, cliches, conformity, mannerism, reworkings of situations already metabolized television narrative rhythms dishes). On the other hand most of the "film world" has been moved bag and baggage, to make TV movies: drama, the modern top ministry official.
escape routes by the approval, by the multinational oblivion, there are many: in film quality, more and more niche, fenced and protected, what it 'right and proper to something that is endangered. Which is not a multi-closet "essay"? What cinema does not have its Wednesday or Tuesday, for the protection of minorities?
There is, however, 'another way, much more efficient, more effective and, above all, more adventurous.
fights openly, shut themselves up in rooms without essay, elbowing, seeking his audience and not waiting, inventing its space, renovating the language techniques, daring, spending and getting his hands dirty: we are talking about (obviously) of the documentary.
years is the cultural phenomenon that digs like a mole of old memories, that we know well, to open gates and draw paths.
We simply brilliant work of Spike Lee's latest, "When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts," four hours of pictures, information, humanity, music, politics, a fierce and poignant story of how Hurricane Katrina slapped New Orleans and how the political management of the emergency razed to the ground.
impossible not to see this without fitting the eye to the brain, which is inevitable after a while 'watching you (and at that moment we are part of the documentary film) in the act of building something: build is very different from receiving a thought formed and packaged. The construction is an active and subjective act, involves the effort and the ability to bind the elements and cements.
The documentary and the audience grow together: watching the work is a form of co-creation, is a kind of ex post directed that, miraculously, continues to operate on already.
This is the alchemy that makes the documentary that in this case up above, yes "materializes" in the work of Spike Lee. The viewer is an active luxury, now, the cinema can no longer afford, concerned as is', to dispense with emotions, feelings, erections, sound principles, etc. etc. (especially etc. etc. etc.).
Look for the "citizen" which looks at the pictures is a must have also felt the likes of Herzog and Wim Wenders. Few have used the documentary as their reason for the 'time' and 'environment'
Lay the reality, a drop of water, leaning on a table, it expands and changes, it remains But this: scrutinize, wrap, surprise there, where the eye does not arrive, and so on until the time that passes does not catch the "truth"
Herzog films the time we have to understand, to perceive and then to touch.
Film and resumes that exists, but it makes us look at what we have understood. Some titles are
Fata Morgana, Bells from the Deep and Apocalypse in the desert.
Dziga Vertov, the huge Soviet Filmmakers thought that you were not really tell, you live and nothing else. The task of director is another and far more "ambitious" but certainly he had used the term "adventure". The reality is dismantled, slowly and quickly, happily and dramatically, and your eye catches the pieces and special moments. The eye invented a special language and grammar. For Vertov a movie starts when it ends: the last frame is the first of the memory of the process leading to memory, vital and necessary for social continuity, for cultural growth. The documentary film is anything but a gimmick to see is, indeed, a thinking machine not only for the viewer but also for those who make it.
In this regard, there 'a brilliant young Italian Swedish documentary, Erik Gandini that produces emotional shock, tears what someone opacity called 'sensory surround us.
With his major work, Surplus, to free his anarchic streak and describes the rampant crime and Western consumerism. The documentary throws up images: bulimic and is deliberately elusive, approaches so sarcastic and acrobatic moments, people and voices.
This explosion of images could also be combined and assembled in a reassuring and that is what makes the power.
The artist carefully established order, but I do not really sell his conviction, but informs me, through the visual representation of a new grammar of images and perceptions.
What remains engraved in my memory, is an element of collective memory, is the expansion of public space, is the negation of deprivation.
The movie industry knows these things, in fact, acting in the opposite direction, producing as mentioned before, the collective Alzheimer's.

In Italy, the documentary had noble ancestors as Ermanno Olmi and Michelangelo Antonioni.
Neorealism theoretical basis such that it had made almost a sort of extension and expansion of the documentary genre. Some of the best Italian directors have ventured into film, which had narrative structures, language and visual output, typically from the documentary: Gillo Pontecorvo (Battle of Algiers Ogro) Francesco Rosi (Salvatore Giuliano, the city's hands', Mattei's case), Elio Petri (author of the beautiful and unobtainable Todo way), Carlo Lizzani (I would say all his work).
Cinema understood as "shadowing of reality itself was something subversive and new that has produced memorable films and he made the film not only a witness of his time but a necessary element of civil growth of this country.
Today there are squalid and smart filmmakers, as Von Trier that ape that period, making a ridiculous caricature, voicing the belief that burps and farts, shooting with natural light, smearing the images, making them crooked, incomprehensible and unwatchable, you face representation of reality without mediation.
Stefano Benni would call these directors: apocalyptic integrated .... I would add, with room for apocalyptic essay.
Now in Italy, thanks to cultural associations, such as DOCUME 'di Torino, is growing a new generation of filmmakers. There 'will, to distribute the documentary more ethical society, to find new places and new audiences.
Manuela Pellarin Daniele Segre, among others, were known for the quality of their work (for me). The first, describing, among other things, the parable of Porto Marghera, with a flavor suggestive but anchored to the reality of living of workers and a strong emphasis on the weight and role of memory: Segre Instead, the prolific documentarian of Turin, for years he devoted himself to the "cinema of reality", according to the simple principle (optical and social) for which the point of view, longer, spanning more than scenes, and 'always on the last, for those who are at the bottom, for those who are at times out. (workers, immigrants, people on the margins, are the subjects of his films) Specimen his documentary of 1996: Law citizenship, history and stories of immigrants who follow and complement, the styling of Segre, too, in this work, the chorus remains. The dry style, free to all rhetoric, makes him not only present but rather, a work that always speaks to the future. The subjectivity foregrounded, in secret, and as a verb perpetually into the future: it is worth telling because there is' much more to do.
The Coral '(of the form and substance) and' in reality ', a bridge to the future:' like a sow. Let's just end
wing a couple of considerations more than any other man who has "duty paid" in popularizing the genre we're talking about: Michael Moore.
Leaving aside for now his undoubted artistic merit, popular and civil rights, the fact remains, perhaps beyond his own will, part of the star system.
E 'was also her choice to be "marked", and always by choice and his system, had supplied its place. He works for his audience, produces works fine, but for the most part, a thesis, vested in the premise and purpose. The subject is always and in any case him.
Michael Moore makes a film about health care and talking about Michael Moore and his ability to make a film about health care. The arguments go, he remains.
His physicality and his puzzled grin make the logo of the guru. With him
scheme remains vertical, the expectation of the messianic message, after all the "laziness of the emotional consumerism, fueled by the guru of the moment
Man is another thing that looks
LUIGI FINOTTO "KAMO"

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AFRICA: COMPANY 'VENACOLARE

These excerpts here are excerpts from the writings of Serge Latouche I collected, I hope with coherent and consistent policy.
Latouche has the distinction of being one of the first and, alas, still one of the few Western intellectuals have attempted to "read" the non-Africa economic and social categories according to the West, beyond the usual platitudes . Trying instead
endogenous and creative aspects of evolution and emancipation of Africa.
avoided like the plague term development.
Latouche speaks about Africa, such concepts as informal economy and society venacolare
But this I leave you to follow
LUIGI FINOTTO "KAMO"

"If you have a vision centered on the development, economistic vision, that is if you think that development is universalizable and that there is no salvation outside of strong economic growth, then you may have, the informal economy in Africa, only a negative point of view, at best condescending. The face of evidence of the success of some entrepreneurs from the barefoot ", you can recognize with sympathy the success of the DIY. However, you will always see in the informal economy of expedients lack of anything better. Estimating the informal economy with the dominant meter western horizon and development, and reducing the social aspect in a picturesque, complement or the only important thing, the economy, it is tempting to see this reality as a kind of substitute for atypical development. Ridiculous or respectable, but always in want of anything better, that is waiting to arrive to the promised land of modernity. In short, you will see in the informal just a figure of transition, rather than a laboratory of the other doposviluppo.Vedere Africa as a laboratory of doposviluppo informal means rather see the positive view of itself as far as possible, ie function its own rules, and not commensurate with the development paradigm. "

"that interests us in the informal economy is not, although other, it was in another company. The statement there is empowerment in itself, it is dissolved, embedded (embedded in the terminology of Karl Polanyi) in the social economy, especially in complex networks that structure the popular cities of Africa. That is the definition of "society venacolare" is more appropriate to speak of this reality, not that of "informal economy". The company
vernacular
"First of all, these are the ways in which the castaways of development produce and reproduce their lives, outside the official camp, through strategies relational. These strategies incorporate all sorts of economic activities, but these activities are not (or minor) professionalised. The tricks, DIY, the ability to fend of each are part of networks. I "connected" form of clusters. After all, these strategies are based on a subtle game of "drawers" social and economic strategies are comparable to family members, who are in most cases, the strategies of the housewives, but transposed into a society where extended family members are counted hundreds. I "connected" are often very different religion, ethnicity, social status, and very numerous. May be more or less incorporated into the extended family. The networks are structured In fact, the model of the family according to the logic of the clan, with social mothers and older brothers "

" vernacular society (neo-clan or oikonomia, as described in my book) is at first sight, especially women, based on multiple jobs, not on the professionalism and strategic relationships. The artisans of the mass economy are perhaps less professional than they think or are not likely to see. Nolte pluri-active and are often too dependent on their social network. They are all in doposviluppo.Perciò, we must analyze the incorporation of this in the social economy, to see how the company doposviluppo found the logic of the gift.
The excluded the great companies realize the miracle of their survival reinventing social ties and making it work. Excluded from the canonical forms of modernity, the nation-state citizenship and participation in the domestic market, they live, in fact, thanks to the solidarity networks neoclaniche. But to explain how they live and survive the populations of the other Africa, we must begin by denouncing the economic and developmental illusion, then analyze the complexity of the devices that ensure the survival of the survivors and the logic that allow the scheme riproduzione.Lo Reading and economic development leads to many distortions and contradictions. "

" Take the money. It is ubiquitous of fact and imagination, but it has the same meaning or the same use, the economists on the planet and that of survivors. The same interests and talk about hot money money cold. The money involved in networks is opposed to the currency of the white exterior and abstract. The first, in general, small-denomination coins and tickets greasy and greasy, is knotted in the corner of a loincloth and hidden under clothing, is pulled out with caution and reticence, counted and recounted in the hope of a discount. The second is that of NGOs, technical assistance. It has millions and is dissipated into abstraction. Anyway, that is consumed or so ostentatious that it serves the collective survival, the money is not an end itself.
Regarding the price, this is rather the result of a negotiation, not a market. Despite the penetration of commodity relations and the monetization of trade, the actors strive to maintain the primacy of interpersonal relationships in the anonymous play of supply and demand. We must respect the statutes, to take into account the context as a whole, know how to lose a bit 'to win in other ways. Thus, currency and commodity relations would run a non-commercial. Let's be clear: what is meant by a society that, while practicing a trade and knowing many intense circulation of money, does not obey the massive commercial logic "

"decreed that non-Western countries were underdeveloped, economists have decided that they were miserable. It is known that in the major languages \u200b\u200bof Africa there is a word that designates the poor in the economic sense of the word. The words used to translate "poor" actually means "orphan". It 'worth noting that in all the circumstances of everyday life, references to the misery is not immediately refer to the lack of money, but the lack of social support. Poverty is linked to an individualistic conception of society. "
" This resistance standards that incorporate the value of solidarity in a metaeconomico (more social than economic, that is), allows this reversal of meaning and statutes, conditions for the emergence of a genuine post-modernity. In other words, what makes it possible in this way is the refusal of the devaluation of himself decreed by the West, and partly accepted, and the appropriation of an identity. "

." Poverty presupposes a comparison of the individual isolated with his impotence. In a society where reigning at the same time solidarity and hierarchy, this is not relevant "
" Rationality African who think they see on the successes of the informal, and from which some think to derive specific management manuals to be used by candidate entrepreneurs local or foreign investors, is also an illusion. In this desire to attribute every success to rationality, there is a sign of arrogance and a great unconsciousness ethnocentric. Under the pretext that the informal enterprises operate, it is concluded that being can only be rational, then obey the great Western myth of rationality "

" The economy is characterized by modern and Western rationality. In theory there is only one way to be rational, while there are many to be reasonable, which is why the company is the place of multiple vernacular. In the literature on the informal, the term "multiple employment" means more often than the fairly widespread phenomenon of dual activity. This dual activity relates to the situation in the formal sector wage (official or employee) that the army outside of his work a second job. In neoclaniche networks, where official activities are quite rare, especially multiple jobs recalls the variety of devices and the work put in place to survive. It has to do with a lack of professionalism, which does not mean lack of competence. "

. They invented the flexibility ahead of its time ... At the other extreme, the non-professional multiply the expedients which they draw their resources. In Douala, investigations on employment, many young workers do not claim as a profession: débrouillard (cunning, who knows how to stop it ...) "

" Beyond the multiple activities and non-professionalism, what strikes the observer to the clusters of "connected" society vernacular is the importance of time, energy and resources devoted to social relationships. Although there unfolds a strenuous activity, it would be improper, in most cases, talking about real work. The meetings, visits, receptions, discussions take a long time. Giving and borrow, donate, receive, help each other, make an order, deliver, inquire occupy most of the day, not to mention the time spent at the party, dance, dream and play ... "
.
"They are the laboratories of the future, laboratories doposviluppo. Economists consider that this form of voluntary exchange, without official status and on the margins of the law, the most liberal of the official market, we get bogged down as the economists Hernando de Soto and Guy Sorman, who see in the informal Third World is a popular capitalism and a breeding ground for entrepreneurs beggars. "
.
"Allows you to revitalize the local community without any external capital. It helps to be aware of local problems, to seek practical solutions, concrete and realistic. Reduces imports, waste and pollution resulting from transport. Without fuss, without statements, the "informal" do nothing of the other Africa diverso.C 'experience is a lesson in vernacular African society that can serve also to all those involved in alternative enterprises. The alternative management needs to lean on "niche" rather than play the market, which is a concept of military strategy, a concept of conquest and aggression. It 'not linked to the rational and the reasonable. "

" The niche is an ecological concept, much closer to ancient prudence (phronesis of Aristotle). The company Alternatively, live or survive in an environment that is or should be, different dall''ambiente market. And 'this environment that we need to define, protect, maintain, strengthen and develop. Rather than fighting desperately to maintain its market sector, it is necessary to widen and deepen the military niche.

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INFORMAL ECONOMY AND THE ITALIAN ROOTS IMAGINATION ON AFRICA. FU colonialism "BONARIA?

Alem Woldezghi * May 23, 2007 by ww2.Carta.org

After 100 years, Italy is still prey and victim of representations of glory and revenge, when compared to its institutional amnesia colonial past and in contact with each other: the collective imagination of the Italians on Africa and the African is still caked in exotic forms of representation and subliminal. Italy commemorates the Republican not just colonial past. It seems only to want to undo your past does not love ricordare.Eppure democratic Italy has a moral and historical responsibility towards the former first daughter colony, Eritrea.
supporters of colonialism have always been of the opinion that the Italians, unlike the English, have assumed a human attitude in Abyssinia and never racist, even at times when demand was particularly hard. According to the scientists did not go well: the massacres, the ever-present racial discrimination, the explosion of fascist racism can testify to the contrary. All Italian colonialism was marked by racism and oppression, which are the basis of every colonial conquest. Moreover intervene militarily against a weaker nation shows violence and abuse. E 'means the absolute misunderstanding always been against a tradition of ancient civilizations such as Eritrea, which aimed to destroy the Italian politics dramatically.
On these roots grew fascist racism, in my opinion, it must be a clear manifestation of the violence inherent in colonialism all, a heavy and urgent appeal today for those who do not want to close my eyes and ears in the face of tragic reality.
For example, it is possible to speak of specific sex crimes Aoi fascist colonialism in [Italian East Africa]? Certainly yes, if sex offenders are in the first forms of representation of Eritrean women and their sexual exploitation by fascism qualified work force to coerce men in the colonies but also the end of colonial rape, in that sense it was authorized by those same representations. Fascism said: "The woman returns to be lower, the subjects of the father or husband ..." but also that Italian citizens could not live with a subject of Africa.
Not only that: the overthrow of these representations, following the declaration of the Empire in May 1936, the law of 1937 with the penalties for reports of 'nature marriage "between citizens and subjects should be read in this context and brings to light the link between sexual politics of colonialism and racial fascist. According to the definitions of colonialism, fascism was the only suitable black woman for sex and white instead of the feeling of love. Already
the path of nation-building led to the definition of racial identity for Italians. With the declaration of the Empire that identity based on the purity of blood played a central role in policy-colonial racial purity, understood in a biological sense, became the project is projected into the future.
In Italy, the transition from a colonial to an imperial consciousness involved the absolutizing the idea based on the so-called racial supremacist. Between colonizers and colonized were no longer tolerable uncertain boundaries 'race' became a necessary separation supported by discipline and self-discipline that involved all aspects of daily life. In this process, anthropology was becoming a status that would take it beyond the purely scientific or academic to get freed up and support the policy choices of the Mussolini regime.
With the war in Ethiopia and the founding of racial discrimination is transformed, by practice, in law making state law: Italy, unique among the European powers, is promoting a form of segregation race that is unmatched in Africa if not the experience of apartheid South Africa. The colony of Eritrea thus becomes the first laboratory test of racial laws in 1938 will be extended to also affect the Jewish community in the country.
The relationship with the otherness of Africa was based on exclusion, violence, exploitation and slaughter, pages removed or even openly denied in the name of a myth deeply rooted in the collective, which continues its atypical Italian claims as if it were a 'colonialism with a human face. " Do exist in Italy serious historical studies on colonialism, but are unlikely to have access to the training system and in the school.
* (Alem Woldezghi was born in 1949 in Eritrea. In his youth he played in 'EPLF, the Eritrean People Liberation Front, engaged in political-military struggle of the Eritrean People's Liberation Ethiopian occupation that lasted until 1993)

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financial crisis IE, "The banality 'EVIL'

Yet another stock market crisis, another collapse , Cossack or crack like that.
spoken, what it 'of course, of junk bonds.
The point is another: There are securities that are not garbage, garbage can not be a title?.
History of Finance, the Science of Finance we demonstrate incontrovertibly that the principles of forgery and fraud are essential elements of the (non) reality of finance.
The multiplication of money, the continuing deterioration of its value regardless of the actual movement of goods and labor, can not have his way with the crime.
be a coincidence or not that the mafia around the world in this sea Sguazzini not stand out so well from the least (neither better nor worse) than the other boats? Now the last detonator
latest crisis is called "subprime" as they say in Rome, vor of '? The financial
complex skein, in fact, is quite simple, to the of all the graphs and analysis of high finance pundits trombones.
These mortgages at risk, given to the less well-off insolvency with the reasonable doubt. These loans are more or less 10 percent of the market.
banks that make such a huge amount of debt? Simple: turn it into securities, funds and put it in the square on the market. The rating agency arrives on time (those that determine whether a title is reliable or not, whether credible or not a government and etc etc) which gives them the triple A titles that reliably: buy buy buy (said in a nutshell) .
happens, however, that spread rumors of a decline, perhaps a collapse of house prices, ie the asset on which the bank draws in the event of insolvency: it happens that increase the delinquency of borrowers and, as one plus one equals two ... the patatrack happens happens.
Only the risk for the loan granted to "sympathetically" is sold at all (in the form of big business, with the backing of party institutions) and when it becomes reality, thinly disguised as a virus, it infects every body that came into contact . The financial market is doped by definition, is a promiscuous world that socializes losses and limits the largest possible circle of beneficiaries. Create an idea of \u200b\u200bparticipation that is only apparent, as is the real mad hoarding of money, referred to as a pig bulimic is in constant need.
The death of the pig is a luxury that we can not afford it seems.
In these critical cases (as defined in comics, Crakk) the ritual formula provides for the provision of liquidity in the system. Even Roman
speaking, vor of '?? It means that central banks put fresh money into circulation, in practice we buy junk bonds that have sparked the chaos, saving banks, speculators, and ensuring a return to the days before the crak. The money the central bank would be all public, not private property, but no matter, question of detail.
The poor bastards who can no longer pay the mortgage WILL BE poor bastards and after the fateful three days will still be crucified.
As a young Hamlet, the market is crazy, but the method in the madness.
Thirty years ago (reagan, Thacher ... do you remember?) With the colossal hoax of neo-liberalism, have actually reinforced the economy to kill any idea of \u200b\u200bpolitics and democracy, but any good sorcerer's apprentice (as taught Goethe ), after a while ', no longer controls the elements and influences that created and one of these suggestions, finance, after a while,' and it 'swallowed up the economy.
So we are at the paradox that the concrete reality (real economy) is at the service of appearances (the finance and stock exchanges) .
What to do? ... What do you want from me!. I could only suggest to restart the opposite direction, return to practice in the domain of reality, real and concrete processes, the method of democracy, respect for established rules and approved. Every serious
Democracy sees money as an object and not subject to
will judge you!

LUIGI FINOTTO "KAMO"

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some ideas on South American left: so 'different from ours (thankfully ..)

In Ecuador the leftist candidate Correa has clearly passed the billionaire Noboa, a man of the right, to the sound of dollars claimed by the Bush administration.
Only a month before the Sandinista Ortega had already beating the first round his opponent U.S. pro.
are the last two episodes of a memorable election year: Ecuador and Nicaragua are in addition to a large group of countries that have veered far left: Venezuela's Chavez, Brazil's Lula, Kirchner's Argentina, Bolivia's Morales , Bachelet of Chile and Uruguay.
In Mexico, Obrador, candidate of the left has failed the target for a handful of votes for other achievements, probably, so fraudulent.
What 'this left South America?
indefinable, using old categories, certainly heterogeneous at home, in some cases even contradictory.
would think: what shared the radicalism and the strategic direction of almost mystical Chavez with mild reformism Bachlet, linked to concepts such as reassuring, good governance and respect for backwards compatibility 'or otherwise of the status quo, that there link' between the nerve Moral of the Peronist Kirchner, in the portrait, the debt contracted by his country, with the same international organizations that led him to the brink of the abyss and reclaim with intransigence, this Argentine fascist coup and all the elements of a recent past, with the Sandinista Ortega's political chameleon who can reconcile the support of Chavez with the support of one of the more conservative American bishops Latin America (Obando y Bravo) and that there is great distance between reformism stringent "Chavez" Bolivia's Morales shy and structural innovations in the economic and social development of Lula, who, however, has led Brazil, as never before, to a progressive international role and reference for all emerging and developing countries.

That way, this left looks like a jam, a sum not summable chaotic things, and yet this has its own skein skein, which is nothing but the soul of the plural left, the red thread that connects these experiences. These sinister

were able to interpret the will and the need for participation after Desertification made in twenty years of liberal horse care imposed on the continent.
That need to take ownership of their destiny and defy the power of a democratic and all-encompassing international financial organizations, including in Europe was further from the national training and sometimes even xenophobic, Latin America, however, has declined in the progressive sense.
The concept of national sovereignty that has been emptied or in some cases brutally severed from the history of Latin America, is now returning to the center of politics.
From the Monroe Doctrine to the dictates of the Washington Consensus, the policy of this great sub-continent was little more than a chapter of U.S. foreign and economic policy. It makes a significant effect
see that the claim of national pride comes from the ranks of the left and is powered by the aspirations of the working classes, the Indians, or even more marginalized strata of society.
nationalism we are talking about claims no boundaries, no enhanced features ethnic, racial or religious exemptions does not say, does not dig through the centuries to find the roots of supposed purity or nobility, but simply seeks to self-determination which can not to be democratic and social. A
deideologizzata certainly left that, however, does not compromise on public control of resources natural distribution of wealth, aware that the distribution is a result of the way in which it is produced .
The always surprising us that the Latin American continent may be left even bring up the national flag and to support the honor and burden of what the working classes.
The state is not of who uses it, but the use and exploitation of those
The construction used and exploited in a social and community identity of a nation uses the same identity as' Christian or at least a advanced reading and sometimes even revolutionary gospel, indigenous social patterns, an interpretation of the original Marxist thought and a certain Peronism.
This mixture leads to practices and attitudes objectively anti liberal and hostile to the United States. E 'being a sort of Latin American Renaissance: suggestive references to figures like Simon Bolivar and Emiliano Zapata mortem also the meaning of this resurgence.

LUIGI FINOTTO

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Eritrea and the problem of subsistence food: stories of a small country, courage and pain in the ass

Eritrea and the problem of subsistence food
Stefano Pettini
The first problem that Eritrea has faced not just achieved independence was that of power. The destruction, economic stagnation and chronic backwardness caused by the long war of liberation had in fact altered the prospects for achieving food security through agricultural modernization and the exploitation of potential noticed this core activity for the subsistence of the population, necessitating a detailed plan for revitalizing the area. In addition to the war also recurrent droughts alternating with periods of large rainfall had exacerbated an already serious situation for the backwardness of the methodologies and the endemic poverty caused by colonialism during which the infrastructure had deteriorated, and nothing had been done to prevent erosion soil and its consequent impoverishment.

resources for the implementation of this recovery plan stemmed largely from the economic remittances from Eritreans living abroad, expatriates during the period of terror perpetrated by the Ethiopian dictatorship, and food aid from donor countries. The objectives were to transform the agriculture of the colonial setting, which aimed for export, in a type of agriculture that's predilection traditional crops most suitable for domestic consumption. The transition period would inevitably be long and the Eritrean government decided to address it by offering the people a form of direct assistance and free as transitional facility until it had Food obtained national security through agricultural development of higher productivity. The use of this option was in a rather spontaneous because that was the practice used in conventional or customary international system, in a time when the experience was not long enough to highlight the possible negative social consequences.

After a few years the system of direct assistance in fact showed its limits and above the risk of serious consequences for the recipients as it gradually had become virtually a habit he had unwittingly involved whole communities starting to promote a dangerous culture of dependency in which many had started to see food aid as a permanent factor in their lives and also as "a right and natural law 'is a kind of lethargy established to work with a life expectancy to be conducted through the support of social assistance. In fact, since the food needs were invariably met with government assistance were lacking the basic incentives to work gradually eroding the stimulus and the work ethic, and causing weakness, inactivity and unemployment.

The Eritrean authorities and then, after some years, is convinced that it was time to abandon the direct and general support for a scheme called "food for work "scheme that was introduced as an alternative to weaken the culture of dependency and to strengthen the work ethic and at the same time to make significant contributions to the rigorous programs of agricultural water management and that the country was facing in achieving the objectives of food security. However despite the advantages of the strategy of "food for work not turned in the predominant method of delivery for, inter alia, because this form of aid based solely on the distribution of food did not allow people to meet other needs of daily life and indirectly contributed to the distortion of market prices due to the fact that a certain amount food aid was sold on the market. This phenomenon associated with speculation and commercial logic in turn caused price increases of food uncontrollably, as well as encouraging but on a rather small scale the phenomenon of corruption.

however perfect the new system, however, brought considerable benefits to the population, through the work recovered dignity and sense of belonging, both government finances that no longer had to deal with the huge expenditure grants, and while the government recovered the workforce needed for the reconstruction of the infrastructure required in national development. A revolution in all programs of social emancipation and Eritrea, however, came a new economic aggression by Ethiopia that sank the country, initially launched to promising targets, in a new state of crisis and difficulty. All it turned out to upset the internal balance until the intervention of the United Nations re-established a state of relative peace that allowed some recovery of all those activities aimed at the insurance needs of the country's food, though in different ways from previous ones. The new threat posed by the unresolved border issue with Ethiopia, Eritrea had in fact forced the administration to employ young people in military service for an indefinite period for national defense, with the subsequent absorption of the food resources, and suggested the application to the remaining population, a new and conceptually different method of service called "cash for work".

At the political level the scheme "cash for work" had already been deemed the most suitable, but even preferred by the government that he had presented since 1996, unfortunately had not found practical application because of various organizational difficulties that had to prevail, As mentioned, the adoption of a scheme of temporary assistance more direct and conventional means of distribution of free food. This new method involved the mobilization of population to undertake the building and infrastructure for food security and payment of work completed not more directly with the distribution of food, but with a payment in lieu. Ensure a sustainable food supply is sufficient to require a focused and well coordinated national mobilization that involved all segments of society and the Eritrean government is adjusted accordingly in the development process and appropriate mechanisms to mobilize and use resources effectively and human National Financial to produce results in a rapid liberation from dependence on other countries with the attainment of food self-sufficiency.

The system called "cash for work was an important first step in permanently eradicated since the scourge of addiction to government assistance and contributed to the restoration of that virtuous cycle that would have restarted the economy and ensured not only a widespread distribution of subsistence food, but also allowed the people have small amounts of cash to meet other needs, while restoring the dignity deriving from having been able to play a productive role and not just passive. The scheme "cash for work" also reduced market distortions as through payment in cash of the work was obtained by a process more transparent and direct distribution of goods that actually eliminated the speculation, hoarding and intermediate steps of merchants, from trafficking in the form of food aid.

The new method, while making substantial benefits and a new balance between consumption and accumulation through the reduction of avoidable waste, which is a direct consequence of the free distribution of food, however, raises the immediate reaction from donors who conceived of Assistance people just as free distribution of food aid and did not approve of these were marketed and sold even at controlled prices. The strengthening of the work ethic and control of expenditure due to the assistance in national accounts Eritrea were not considered as priorities in the international arena, and despite using the "cash for work" has ensured a more efficient allocation of resources through the market and more effective use as a tool for the stimulation of national economic development and enhancing prospects for financial accounts for both the government and for international partners, is still criticized. An example

authoritative came by Ambassador Geert Heikens who recently declared that the European Union is considering the possibility to request back to Eritrea three million dollars as the equivalent of goods instead to be distributed for free have been sold, causing the reaction of the Eritrean government that has claimed the right to manage the flow of humanitarian donations in a manner consistent with the needs of the country and respect for the dignity of its people.

At this ethical problem not easily solved in the meantime he had added to an increasingly difficult relationship with NGOs due to the progressive callusing than one type of assistance and aid that if in its initial stage many years ago was crucial to the restart the activities of the country now had stabilized in an increasingly more invasive and far away from development programs issued by the government that it intended to gradually move away from any kind of addiction. In particular the lack of transparency in the management of economic resources by these organizations had begun to fuel a strong exchange of hard currency outside the legal channels, with negative repercussions on the prices that tended to increase, while rendering it difficult to assess the commitments that they could take, because of their over-confidence and management independence.

The solution adopted by the Eritrean government has been to eliminate the excessive fragmentation of collaboration through a selection of partners based on the availability of such a sum to pay in hard currency in banks Eritrean, corresponding to the financial commitment that they intended to assume, as a guarantee of actual availability of resources necessary to carry out programs of cooperation agreed with the government. The new regulation imposed by the Eritrean government in May of 2005, which brought the minimum threshold necessary to re-enroll in year one million dollars (€ 840,000) for national organizations and two international ones, caused the non-renewal of registrations Historical Ong, who worked regularly with financial assets of the new lower minimum limit, which were forced to leave the country fueling a new chorus of protests and controversy. In various discussions the representatives of the NGO has accused Eritrea of \u200b\u200bexcessive protagonism resignation and lack of respect to his state of need that was supposed to advise the government a more supine acceptance of the aid with the abandonment of unrealistic claims management from the generosity of others.

Ironically, judging by the repeated positions in the international community against Eritrea is showing a clear preference for countries as it less virtuous than with their apparent inertia rewarding donors accepting any kind of intervention, even the most invasive in terms of social and cultural life, the result of finding themselves increasingly dependent on aid to those who prove to be decisive rather than turned into a lifelong addiction that prevents them from every possible growth and stifle any hope of self-determination. Whatever the overall trend, however, Eritrea has always taken a definite attitude towards the donor countries asking them not begging but appreciation for the efforts made by the country in the direction of self-sufficiency, and cooperation in increasing knowledge and methodologies in agriculture and technology. In addition there are in addition to that Eritrea had never moral contract external debt is owed to both the international community of former settlers who are jointly responsible for the state of economic depression facing the country.

Stefano Pettini

Ichigo Doujinshi Orihime

Bolivarian Constitution ... Read to civilized people

It is a book to read and reread: exciting, dynamic, sparse but effective style, never boring, with sudden accelerations, sometimes uncontrollable as a flood that sweeps away everything and distorts, with twists and unexpected solutions.
is not a novel by Stephen King or Philip Dick or even a Manchette noir of Chandler and much less work by Majakosky. E ', however, the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
A narrative about a fascinating alternative project for society and the building of a democracy possible; not read it as a boring sequence of items, not impantanatevi some legal technicality here and there inevitably emerges, but inoltratatevi line after line in this great and active site that is participatory democracy possible. I do not proclaim
constituents Venezuelan socialism, public ownership of means of production and even the nationalization of existing businesses, provide for private property and free enterprise yet, spill and removed all the axioms of the legal and economic neo-liberalism: all Western social and economic policies of the last two decades would be the limit, and in many cases outside the constitutional legality, according to the coordinates established by the Venezuelan constitution, since most of these practices are anti-democratic or democratic, however, quest'agile volume of 120 pages strives to make the technical decisions to build in the sharing and participation.
Some guidelines of the Constitution
Democracy is an independent variable and that the timing of development and not vice versa; labor rights relate to the civilization and cultural growth and material of the people, including domestic work (this is the first time This activity has constitutional dignity), which creates added value and produces social welfare and wealth, free enterprise exists, but compared with other forms of economic activity that concern, rather, a protagonist that looks like the popular hidden prompter and permanent of all step of this Constitution, states and not an abstract statement, that all those objects which by their nature and their collective fruibilita'sono, be subject to democratic control, so can not be privatized in order to avoid precisely in a constitutionally irreconcilable contradiction (water, oil, gas, but also health and education); unique in the world which provides for all elective offices, the possibility of removal from office by popular referendum, however, always within a process and participated guaranteed, waterproof to any temptation populist, demagogic or flavor executioner. The highest point
and qualifying for this "manual for the use of democracy "and consists of those articles (119 to 126) that relate to the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. We are far away from philanthropy or by his benevolent and enlightened to the noble savage.
Indigenous people are the assets of Venezuela, decisive and indispensable to economic vitality, social and cultural life of this country, they are awarded the right to collective ownership of land, the enjoyment of the benefits of supply of natural resources within their territories and all forms of land use must be part of a route information and consultation of the people. It also ensures that the collective intellectual property (currently, unique in the world) knowledge, technologies and innovations of the people indigeni.Ogni attivita'relazionata to genetic resources and knowledge to pursue collective benefits associated with them and, therefore, is not absolutely brevettabile.Le ancestral knowledge that still produce life, culture and reporting systems are not privatized.
These eight articles, in particular, seem to be the constitutional legal translation of more than ten years of Zapatista struggle, in which there is a proposition of new rights and a generous and ambitious reworking of the idea of \u200b\u200bholding in excess of the elephantine and inadequate representative democracy where, now, sovereignty and societa'sono separate bodies.
The Constitution, it is, they are like the scaffolding, or better yet as the foundation of a building, then, for the realization of the work program should include builders, materials, adverse weather conditions and also not good sorte.Auguri Venezuela ... .... However you have a constitution while we are destroying our

LUIGI FINOTTO "KAMO"